PAST VOLUMES

Abstract. Catalan verbal inflection: a proposal for pandialectical description.
This paper is a description of the Catalan regular verbs outside the classical delimitation of central Catalan. The aim of the article is to propose new verbal forms for standard Catalan; forms which come from the Balearic and Valencian dialects. An appendix with the conjugation of the five verbal patterns that are usually treated as regular is also included.
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Abstract. Linguistics, past and present. From philosophy to semiotics.
This paper constitutes a diachronic study of the place occupied by linguistics, initially as one of the artes liberales from the time of the Ancient Greeks up until the end of the Mediaeval Period and then, more recently, as a constituent part of the science of semiotics. The boundaries of linguistics are systematically demarcated from other closely-related sciences such as rhetoric, logic and poetics, and the interrelationship between them is analysed.
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Abstract. Notes on grammatical terminology.
To establish a rigorous terminology is one of the objectives of all sciences, including linguistics. In order to exemplify the problems arising from this task, we have chosen two terms that we consider particularly significant: ``sintagma'' and ``frase''. A bibliographical review allows us to point out the divergences observed in the studies of some of the authors who dealt with this matter. On the one hand, it can be observed that the use of ``frase'' is defended from two different methodological points of view -structural grammar and generative grammar- to substitute the interpretation of ``sintagma'' -increasingly widespread- in a more limited sense than the one given it by its creator, Saussure. On the other, the polysemy of the term ``frase'' with quite often equivalent meanings to sentence is to be noted.
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Abstract. Sociolinguistics in Spain - the current situation.
As the title of the paper indicates, the subject is the present situation of language and cultural studies in Spain. The author aims to analyse the boundaries betwenn dialectology and sociolinguistics, the inadequate or incorrect definition of which has had significant consequences for Spanish sociolinguistics. Finally, three lines of research are proposed, in the light of which the work which has appeared up to now may be considered. This body of work has been judged, rightly or wrongly, to belong to the science of sociolinguistics.
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Abstract. An Indoeuropean metathesis.
The author attempts in this paper to demonstrate the etymological identity of two Indo-European lexical groups with the same meaning, taking into consideration a factor of metathesis in the original Indo-European root.
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Abstract. Observations on the Centre of Historical Studies and its role in the formation of the Spanish School of Linguistics.
There are some matters in the historiography of linguistics that, for several reasons, remain almost forgotten in philological studies at the University. One of these is the work of the Centro de Estudios Históricos in Madrid, and of the Escuela Española de Lingüística and their scholars, with Menéndez Pidal at the head. Students only know parts of this work and, therefore, they cannot come to comprehend the whole sense of the relation between the different components that made possible the advances in linguistics and philology which occurred in Spain during the first thirty years of the twentieth century. After having presented some aspects of the work carried out by and at the CEH, we only wish, in this article, to attract attention to the above fact, in order to manifest the need to include the study of the history of hispanic linguistics as a whole and not as separate subjects in the curriculum.
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Abstract.
This paper attempts to show the possibility of explaining one aspect of communicative competence, conversational competence. The study is based on the assumption that the task of describing and explaining how a language is actually used is essential for a complete acquisition of the system. The first part of the study includes a contrastive analysis of some of the main features of the interactional speech of native speakers and non-native speakers. In the second part the author proposes an approach to the study of communicative competence based on a series of maxims or variables which the speaker has in mind when producing language.
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Abstract. Revision of the replacement of attributive and predicative verb complements by certain object pronouns in Catalan.
In standard Catalan there is still much hesitation regarding the replacement of attributive complements in copulative sentences and of predicative complements in predicative sentences. Furthermore there is a difference in colloquial and dialectal usage. This brief study is an attempt to shed light on the subject by tracing the laws which govern the replacement of attributive and predicative verb complements by pronouns in spoken language and reveal the system. Little by little this usage will hopefully become fixed in Catalan.
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Abstract. Learning how to use a language.
With this paper the author sets out to show that it is possible to introduce sociolinguistic explanations even at the initial stages of the learning of a second language. By taking three conversational extracts from a well-known textbook for the teaching of English as a foreign language, the paper presents and exemplifies three aspects that should be taken into account: (i) different cultural assumptions about the situation and about the appropiate behaviours and intentions within it, (ii) different ways of structuring information, and (iii) different use of linguistic conventions.
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Abstract. Spanish alcoba, German Alkoven ``room'' - no Arabic origin.
The author explains how this Spanish word, in spite of the Arabic article, is not a borrowing. The etymological origin of the word rather goes back to *cuba ``bed, couch, sack'', as a postverbal formation of cubare.
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Abstract. Distribution and social stratification of implosive /s/ and intervocalic /j/ within the speech community of Toledo.
This paper presents the results of a sociolinguistic study of implosive /s/ and intervocalic /j/ in the speech community of urban Toledo. It studies the relationship between the different pronunciations of each phoneme in these positions and the social variables of sex, age and sociocultural level.
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Abstract. The meaning of the Spanish pairs aquí-acá and allí-allá.
This paper presents some aspects concerning the meaning of the Spanish pairs aquí-acá and allí-allá. The author's main thesis is that the semantic opposition between the forms ending in /-í/ and those which end in /-á/ is based on the correlation of relativity. Acá and allá would refer to a place considered in relation to another; they involve the notion of comparison or opposition between two places. Aquí and allí would refer to a place viewed in itself. The author reviews the rules framed by grammarians and lexicographers in order to explain the difference between these adverbs. He supports the rule stated in 1789 by José López de la Huerta in his work Examen de la posibilidad de fixar la significación de los sinónimos de la lengua castellana.
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Abstract. On the semantic evolution of Spanish demonstrative adverbs.
This paper constitutes a diachronic study of Spanish demonstrative adverbs, the so-called "adverbios de lugar", adverbs of place. The author attempts to identify the conditions that determined the loss of the forms ende, y, acullá, aquende and allende in habitual Spanish. He sets up a hypothesis about the semantic structure of the system built upon the forms aquí, acá, allí and allá in the Middle-Ages, and shows how at the end of the XV century the Castillian adverb ahí was integrated in it. As a result of that integration, the semantic structure of the system underwent several changes which the author attempts to describe.
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Abstract. Written language in university studies in Lleida.
Changes in language codes is a vital aspect of sociolinguistic research. The author has noticed such a change among the university students in Lleida, partly accounted for by their social environment. This paper is a study of the habitual language of notetaking and how it is related to other variables such as the geographical origin of the student's parents, their social context, where their language loyalty lies, the degrees they are taking, their explicit command of the language of their examinations and the characteristics of their colloquial speech.
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Abstract. Using translation in the teaching of foreign languages.
This paper was read on the 20th of May, 1990 at the IV Simposio sobre Traducción Literaria y Científico-técnica, in Cáceres. It defends a cautious use of translation in the foreign language classroom. Three main questions are asked and answered in detail. Firstly, is it necessary to defend the use of translation in the teaching of foreign languages? Secondly, is this the right time to be broaching such a subject? Thirdly, is it actually possible to apply translation exercises in foreign language teaching and obtain positive results? The paper ends with some suggestions for exercises and a reminder of past mistakes.
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Abstract. Lexicography, meta-lexicography, dictionary, discourse.
With the development of critical and theoretical studies in dictionaries, the notion of lexicography no longer implies only the elaboration of dictionaries. Considering the didactic specificity of dictionary discourse, meta-lexicography or theoretical lexicography proposes a multiple internal and external description of the lexicographic product.
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Abstract. Aspects of how Catalan studies in Germany influenced the scientific study of Catalan in Catalonia.
From 1908 to 1912 three Catalan students -Antoni Griera, Pere Barnils and Manuel de Montoliu- received a grant to study at the University of Halle, Germany. Their objective was to study scientific methodology applied to research in Romance languages in order to apply it to problems concerning Catalan. At that time Halle was the only German university offering courses in Catalan, set up mostly thanks to B. Schädel, who received help from A. M. Alcover and political backing from E. Prat de la Riba. Thanks to Schädel and other intellectuals the project was provided with all the necessary equipment and infrastructure (library, classroom, excursions). However, due to personal circumstances and relationships which are difficult to trace, the project did not succeed. Only a few scientific results were obtained, and this caused great frustration to the participants in the project. The failure of this project caused Schädel finally to abandon his interest in the linguistic study of Catalan.
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Abstract. Pragmatics and conversational analysis: towards receiver pragmatics.
The author of this paper calls for the need to take the receiver into account in research concerning the pragmatic aspects of language. The starting point is a liminal understanding of traditional pragmatic categories, and the opposition between statement and utterance and their respective subjects. By including the object of the utterance, that is, the receiver, it is possible to establish an opposition between the object of the utterance and the subject of the statement. In this way, the pragmatic categories come to include factors such as hearer receptivity, overlaps and other elements which have been studied by the different schools of conversation analysis. At the same time, the opposition between the different kinds of statement and reception should allow us to organize a classification of the sequences, the largest conversational unit, which is regarded as the most obvious manifestation of the so-called dynamic of conversation.
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Abstract. An unpublished diachronic work by Bergnes de las Casas: ``Sobre la historia del alfabeto griego''.
A. Bergnes de las Casas was an outstanding promoter of the study of Ancient Greek at the University of Barcelona. He was also a philosopher, a pedagogue and a publisher within the Catalan Romantic movement and his contribution constitutes an important landmark for the humanities of the 19th and 20th centuries in Spain. The author of this paper studies an unpublished work by Bergnes on the Antiquity of the Greek Alphabet.
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Abstract. Diglossia in Catalonia? Theory and reality in the 60s and today.
This paper is divided into five main parts: 1) Ferguson and Fishman's definitions of diglossia; 2) a review of the use of the term diglossia in the Catalan literature on sociolinguistics; 3) a descriptive comparison between the sociolinguistic surveys in terms of the methodology applied; 4) a discussion of the results; and 5) a new proposal. The paper concludes that the situation of Catalan in Barcelona cannot be explained in terms of diglossia and proposes a new perspective, based on an analysis by Weinreich. Although it is true that the position of Catalan is weaker and has to be reinforced and protected, it should be done from a different theoretical platform.
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Abstract. Physics and grammar, language and reality.
Some of the major problems treated by Wittgenstein were the relationships and contact points between language and reality. This article is written in his memory on the 40th anniversary of his death and deals with the contact points between physics and grammar. Attention is also paid to the field of psychology. The starting point is simple: just as physics deals with the relationships between things and actions, matter and energy, grammar deals with the relationships between nouns and verbs. Another subject dealt with in this article is how men conceive space and time, both in the real world and in language. The work is intended to suggest, not to demonstrate. The article is not an exercise in linguistic rigour but an exercise in philosophical evocations, in order to stimulate readers to produce their own ideas of a creative nature.
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Abstract. The lexical hypothesis in GB grammar: problems and alternatives.
An important shortcoming of the lexical hypothesis of GB grammar derives from the fact that lexical entries must be accompanied by specific argument structures. This causes any possible regularity existing between the "inherent content" of these units and their "argument structures" to be concealed. Thus, the model is unable to handle the suggestion (found in certain texts by Williams and Lasnik-Uriagereka, for example) that argument structure depends on the inherent content of the units. In this paper, we have studied the problems of the lexical hypothesis (section 1), several aspects and possible ways out for the revision which is proposed (section 2) and one important consequence that this revision has in the general organization of the GB model (section 3).
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Abstract. The indetermination of the subject in Latin and in Romance syntax.
This paper studies the Latin mechanisms used to denote the indetermination of the subject. The author aims to distinguish between the impersonal sentences and sentences without a known subject. Finally, the author tries to demonstrate that the Latin origin of the ``impersonal'' sentences with the pronoun se, shows their grammatical legitimacy, although the traditional grammar has considered them incorrect.
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Abstract. Plutarch and Polybius. Problems of an active bilinguism.
This paper intends to analyse and systematize the difficult task and problems of two Greek writers from the perspective of their bilingual attitudes.
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Abstract.
The history of specific languages as normally presented in the European tradition lacks generality. Particular histories of languages call for a comparative approach. In this respect. the role of Latin is crucial, due to its character as the first European interlingua. But there is no history of Latin in the modern period, not even a coherent explanation for its decline. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the historical source of our sociolinguistic concepts and the way we shape a kind of sociolinguistic mentality to judge linguistic uses. The growth of a notion like dead language is bound to the growth of literacy and a review of the past. The decline of a learned language must have broad implications for our sense of what a culture is.
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Abstract.
This paper attempts to identify the actual importance of the so-far underrated role played by the people who order translations and defends the incorporation of these people as an active variable within translation theories and translation criticism.
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Abstract. The Spanish phonemic orthography. A particular case: The ``h''.
The relation between phonology and graphemics is very old, as old as that which was established between spoken and written language. We must consider that writing is the result of the human beings' wish to set down in space those ephemeral sounds that can only be produced in time. All the languages of alphabetical representation have had several phases in this process of sound-graphic sign adequation. The Spanish language has also been a source of confrontation between the etymologists and defenders of pronuntiation. I have taken as a pretext the Spanish use of the polemic grapheme ``h'', making a short historical revision, to bring into question the proposal of introducing a phonemic orthography for this language.
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Abstract.
The present article is the result of the analysis of four different communicative situations which form part of the author's ordinary professional life at a Catalan university. By applying a concept such as norms of interaction and interpretation, it is shown how the ethnographic approach allows us to integrate a linguistic description and a socio-cultural explanation of discourse.
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Abstract.
This article considers some of the ways in which the speech of foreign characters has been depicted in Brazilian fiction. By establishing a marked contrast with the standard Portuguese that defines the narrative medium, foreigner talk not only signifies a denotative content, but also signals an opposition between national and foreign characters that provides an outside perspective on Brazilian society. Since foreigner talk relies on a stylized re-creation of speech, it is a source of information on the perception of other languages shared by speakers of Brazilian Portuguese.
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Abstract. Subjunctive verbal morphology in the Catalan dialect of Segria: A prospective survey.
Variational sociolinguistics studies the role that social factors play in determining the ways in which linguistic variables affect the actual use of language. But it is not usual to find evaluations of the influence of purely linguistic factors or structural features in the imposition of new forms. Our article offers the global results of a study carried out by applying precisely this sort of evaluation to a great extent, regarding the imposition of standard forms over dialectal ones in the area of the morphology of the subjunctive in the Segria dialect of Catalan (the area surrounding the city of Lleida): i.e. -i endings (e.g. pateixis) vs. -o endings (dialectal patixos). Our conclusion is that the force of the influence of the standard forms depends on the verbal persons (less in the first person than in the third person, for example) and the conjugations (less in the first conjugation than in the others). Influence also varies according to social variables such as sex and age (more in women and younger generations than in men and older generations). Our conclusions, however, are not yet definitive.
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Abstract. The Spanish conditional tense: Contexts and possible variation.
The conditional tense (ría ending), reminds us better than any other tense of the difficulties involved in classifying the Spanish verb system (time, tense and mood). This study tries to show the various contexts and uses of the ría form, its values and the verb forms that can substitute it. We will use the findings of a study on the use of the conditional in the habla culta (educated speech level) of San Juan, Puerto Rico.
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Abstract.
The author of this article analyzes 5 conversations between instructors and students at a Catalan university during office hours. The aim of the study is to describe the realtionship between the sociological variables of Distance, Power and Imposition proposed by Brown and Levinson (1978) and the types of strategies deployed by the instructors and students in constructing their discourse.
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Abstract.
In this paper we look at the different characterizations of coherence, because coherence is felt to be an essential and integral part of language according to most contemporary practitioners of discourse analysis. There are three different sorts of problems that make it especially difficult for the analyst to characterize coherence problems inherent in the medium of language: 1) language as data is inaccessible; 2) language as structure is impossibly complex; and 3) language as function is nearly indefinable because it is inextricably bound up with the world. After reviewing different approaches to the characterization of discourse we come to the conclusion that the main difficulty is that language is not so much language as a sort of social action.
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Abstract.
Prescriptiveness and descriptiveness both have a role to play in translation but in very different ways and it is important to keep each one in its proper place. Prescriptiveness is something that affects the translator in his/her everyday work. Hence, the importance of the notion of acceptability. However, translation models and theories should not be a source of prescriptiveness. This paper includes diagrams representing the sources of prescription and the sources of the tools for descriptive, objective analysis of the nature of translation and related phenomena.
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Abstract. Catalan orthography and computational linguistics.
The authors of this paper argue that computational processing of written language poses specific problems regarding its linguistic description which cannot be dealt with by using parameters and techniques for morphological description that are otherwise applicable in linguistics. Their line of argument is that these problems can be solved by maximum descriptive economy when using the programming language Prolog and by eliminating all of the morphological data that do not affect the syntactic structures.
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Abstract.
In this paper, we have presented the theoretical foundations, the method and the results of an experiment conducted with students of both the University of Lleida and the University of Sussex. The initial hypothesis was that the greater the language proficiency of non-native speakers of a language the greater the social acceptance by native speakers. We took 16 different variables in order to specify the term ``social acceptance'' and we asked 14 English native speakers to evaluate the taped voices of 18 non-native speakers according to those variables. After analysing the results, we have reached the conclusion that variables related to intellectual capacities are highly correlated to language proficiency, whereas variables associated to personal charm are only partially correlated. These results should be confirmed by further research, but they suggest that communicative efficiency without linguistic competence is not enough for positive interaction among speakers of different languages. Therefore, the achievement of language proficiency is a key factor to be taken into account when learning a foreign language.
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Abstract.
The aim of this article is to identify the reasons why original titles of films are not always literally translated into Spanish or Catalan. To do this, we selected three hundred titles of films and we tried to classify them according to the criteria that had been followed when they were translated. Firstly, we observed a group of films the titles of which remain untouched. Secondly, we found a group of titles which are literally translated. Thirdly, the largest group is that in which titles are translated freely. We tried to identify and classify the causes and nature of free translations and we found four factors: linguistic difficulties, commercial interests, socio-cultural differences and the moralising intentions of the translator. We have also commented on the policy followed in Catalonia as far as the translation of titles of films is concerned. After this analysis, we reached the conclusion that no clear criteria are followed in this field of translation, which may lead to inconsistencies and inaccuracies.
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Abstract. The label "vulgar" in the DRAE: From Autoridades to 1992.
Traditionally, dictionaries have recorded a series of comments on usage and at the same time have been unwilling to accept a whole range of words considered to be "offensive". This study undertakes a twofold examination of this question in the Diccionario de la Lengua Española of the Real Academia: the development of the label "vulgar" from the Diccionario de Autoridades (1726-1739) to the latest edition (1992) and the present day state of such labelling. Autoridades aside, certain editions which are fundamental to this development should be mentioned: the first single volume edition in 1780, in which the labels are codified by means of abbreviations; the 1817 edition in which the "vulgar" entries are excluded; the 1925 edition which reinstated this entry type; and the more recent editions which include a wider range of this type of lexis, accepting up to 269 meanings in the 1992 edition. Words labelled as "vulgar" can be classified in three groups: those that refer to taboo concepts, those that belong to the lexis of marginal groups, and archaisms that still prevail in rural areas. The result is a heterogeneous block, a product of the recognised difficulty in establishing a labelling system that is lexicographically acceptable. The alternative must be a simplification of the labelling system and a greater sociolinguistics base.
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Abstract. Contrastive study of phonetic aspects of the Catalan and English phonologies.
This article presents part of the results of an exploratory investigation, carried out in December 1993. The aim of the research was to examine the possibilities of comparing, from a contrastive point of view, phonetic aspects of the English and Catalan phonologies. Based on the methodologies of James (1980) and Krzeszwowski (1990), the analysis consisted of a theoretical part in which some articulatory deviations which an English subject speaking Catalan as a foreign language might make are predicted. In this paper, the more practical second part is presented. The method consisted in recording three English informants reading a text in Catalan in order to prove the theoretical predictions. Aware of their shortcomings, we present some of the more interesting results here.
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Abstract. Modality and variation in the Spanish verbal system. The case of the conditional in the speech of San Juan, Puerto Rico.
This paper attempts to describe the role that modality plays in the various contexts of variation of the Spanish verbal system. We will use as an example the contexts of the conditional tense, bearing in mind that this is the verbal tense that shares most of the semantic characteristics of the modal verbs. This fact enables us to use the conditional form as an index of the internal variation of the verbal system.
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Abstract.
In this article, the author presents Action Research as a useful means for language teachers to reflect upon and improve their pedagogic task. Leo van Lier argues in favour of a type of applied research involving the practitioners themselves, i.e. the teachers, and proposes a series of steps to take into consideration in doing this type of research in the classroom.
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Abstract. Communicative strategies and socio-cultural identities in talk shows: A sample of ``La vida en un xip''.
The present article is based on the analysis of an example of a talk show, a TV genre that has become very popular in the last few years. This type of programme develops around a debate among a series of guest participants. The programe analyzed was produced by the Catalan television network (Televisió de Catalunya, TV3) with the name of "La Vida en un Xip". The main goal of the study is to discover and describe the relationship between the communicative strategies deployed by the participants in the debate and their socio-cultural identity. The analysis focuses upon the specific discourse behaviour of each of the participants. This behaviour is analyzed taking into account two basic dimensions: interlocutive (management of the turn-taking system) and enunciative (contents and organization of the individual contributions of the participants).
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Abstract.
Leo van Lier is Professor of Educational Linguistics at the Monterey Institute of International Studies in California and is Director of its Center for Language in Education and Work (CLEW). He took his doctorate at Lancaster University and is the author of The Classroom and the Second Language Learner, one of the first books to deal thoroughly with research in the second/foreign language classroom. Leo van Lier is a strong advocate of incorporating ethnography and qualitative discourse analysis into educational research in the classroom. Among his current research interests is the question of the development in the pupil of language awareness, i. e. the capacity to think about language, its structure and its usage in order to make the process of learning a language more effective and more efficient. This interest has already borne fruit in the form of his two most recent books, Introducing Language Awareness (in press) and Interaction in the Language Curriculum: Awareness, Autonomy and Authenticity (in press).
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Abstract. Primers in Catalan phonetics. Unde venitis? Quo vaditis?.
The last four years (1990-1993) have witnessed the publication of several works on Catalan phonetics. Compared with previous decades, the publishing of such introductory books constitutes a remarkable contribution to the literature on the descriptive phonetics of Catalan. A dictionary and some handbooks on Catalan pronunciation have seen the light of the day. Such works considerably enhanced the study of speech sounds in relation to the Catalan language. Yet, texts of this nature should be written with a specific readership in mind, that is, students of phonetics and Catalan phonology, together with teachers of Catalan as a first and second language.
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Abstract. The influence of Nahuatl language on El Salvadoran Spanish. Some omissions in the dictionary of the Royal Academy of Spanish (DRAE).
As the title indicates, the aim of this work is to develop two clearly differentiated lines of research. The first is a lexicological study (Sections 1 and 2) which attempts to reveal the substratum of Nahuatl language which has contributed to the shaping of El Salvadoran Spanish. The second is a lexicographical study (Section 3) in which an assessment of the extent to which DRAE (1992) takes Nahuatl vocabulary into account is made.
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Abstract.
Studies considering the evolution of verbal copula such as ser and estar in Los Angeles Spanish (e.g. Silva Corvalán 1990) and être and avoir in Canadian French (e.g. Sankoff & Thibaut 1977) point out that linguistic changes that are internally motivated in the language develop faster in situations of language contact. In these studies, the linguistic change involves the substitution of ser by estar and être by avoir. The direction of this change, already present in Late Latin, is found at a more advanced stage in the bilingual varieties of Spanish and French. The study presented here focuses on the use of ser and estar in the bilingual variety of Catalan spoken in Villafranco del Delta (Catalonia), a village founded during General Franco's regime. Consecutive bilinguals of Catalan (L1) and Spanish (L2) were asked to perform three different tasks, which vary in modality (perception vs. production) and degree of attention (controlled interview vs. spontaneous conversation). The qualitative analysis of the bilingual data provides additional evidence for the linguistic change favoring the use of estar. In particular, the generalization of estar appears to be favored by linguistic factors such as animacy of the discourse topic and syntactic subject and by the use of adjectives denoting physical description. In addition, it was found that the age of the informant also helps in predicting the use of estar over ser; i.e., the younger the speaker, the higher the chance of finding estar in the data. The paper concludes with a discussion of the pattern of the change in the use of copulas in Tortosí catalan.
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Abstract. Two terms for horse in the language of late Roman cavalry.
Starting from combinations of different roots, the author suggests Greek origins for the term horse, both in Romance and Slavonic languages.
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Abstract. The Spanish and Catalan languages: Together and in contrast. A study of linguistic attitudes.
The author explains the results of an investigation into the attitudes of a group of young Valencian people towards some varieties of Spanish and Catalan. The methodology employed is an adaptation of the matched-guise technique and one of the most interesting conclusions is that there is a close association between high social status and the northern variety of Spanish. This is a diglossic distribution between Spanish and the Valencian variety in which the former is evaluated as a prestige language. On the other hand, in the comparison of the two varieties of Catalan; Valencian and Barceloní, the former is better considered in almost all the psycho-social features than the latter.
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Abstract.
The seminal work of Lambert et al. (1960) opened a new field of study of language that was based on the analysis of the reactions caused by a speaker in his/her audience. In the eighties, research includes reactions of native speakers towards non native speech In this paper, we present a chronological review of the most significant research to date, as well as an evaluation of their virtues and flaws, to conclude with a defence of the need for these studies in the field of applied linguistics.
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Abstract. Phonetic interference in the Spanish spoken in Lleida: observations and commentars.
This article presents part of the results of an exploratory investigation into the features of the Spanish spoken in Lleida. A study like this one has to take into account the special characteristics of Spanish spoken in the area. Firstly, we have to consider that it is not the mother tongue of a great part of the population, so it is not used at a colloquial level with the same frequency as Catalan. This implies that the variant of Spanish would have some traits which are not conserved in other areas where it is a colloquial language (conservation of consonantic groups, non-relaxed pronunciation, etc.). Secondly, the influence of the native tongue determines the phonetic system of the inhabitants whatever their mother tongue is. Due to this influence we can observe some phonemic importations, hipo- or hiperdistintions of differences, etc. This study takes into account personal observation and some interviews registered in the first semestre of 1995.
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Abstract. Computer assisted translation vs. machine translation.
The status of computer assisted translation (CAT) and machine translation (MT) is today considered interdisciplinary when related to computer studies, artificial intelligence and languages, sublanguages, pedagogy and foreign language learning among others. This interdisciplinarity is a source of many problems such as its consideration as a subdiscipline by the linguistic community. Since translation has not enjoyed the acknowledgement and respect that other professions have, CAT and MT are now suffering the consequences of such an attitude. My contribution to this publication is aimed at boosting MT and CAT just as translation has, by analysing the future trends of computerised translation and how this analysis can show the discipline in a new light.
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Abstract. Interactive Considerations in Conversation Analysis: The Ethnomethodology and the Theory of Oral Text Production.
The author reports on research in progress. Her intention is the application of ethnomethodological principles to discourse analysis. The illustration of these principles is based on her empirical material which consists of tapes of Spanish and Catalan radio programms with hearer participation (phone-ins). The material is analysed by methods following the theory of oral text production recently elaborated by the German linguists Elisabeth Gülich and Thomas Kotschi. The study is to be understood as a contribution to a comparative conversational analysis concerning the procedures of oral discourse production in Spanish, Catalan and probably French.
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Abstract. The category aspect and the slavonic verb.
All linguistic studies support the view that the major grammatical notion in the Slavonic verb, Russian particularly, is aspectuality. A clear distinction is established between perfective and imperfective verbs. Such a distinction is based on the derivative processes of prefixation and derivation respectively. However, a detailed examination of the Russian verb shows us that such notional duality lacks the explanatory power commonly attributed to it. This paper attempts to demonstrate this inadequacy.
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Abstract. The Acquisition of Wh-questions.
The main aim of this article is to present the results of a study on the acquisition of wh-questions by monolingual Catalan and bilingual Catalan-Spanish speaking-children from the preverbal stages to the age of three years. Starting from the published studies on the acquisition of wh-questions in English, the authors show that there exists a great parallelism between the acquisition process of wh-questions in English and Catalan/Spanish, for in both cases children go through three different stages. The analysis that we propose is based on the Principles and Parameters model of generative theory and on the theory of acquisition that explains the process of acquisition of a language as a result of the maturation of functional categories.
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Abstract. Matauitatau - An extremely controversial problem concerning the textual criticism of a quotation from Petronius, Cena Trimalchionis 62,9.
The author bases his explanation of the origin of the word and consequently its meaning on an extract from Isidor. This fragment refers to the practice of marking surviving soldiers with a tau and the fallen with a theta.
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Abstract. Concerning the Integration of the Internal and External Perspectives in Historiographical Studies of the English Language.
This paper provides a critical approach to one of the dualities discussed by Saussure: researching linguistic phenomena either from the perspective based on internal or external linguistics and its applicability to studies of the history of the English language. Due to the ontological character of diachronic research, these Saussurean considerations constitute a milestone in the attempt to theorize on the linguistic change operative in English. Moreover, this more or less explicit distinction between the internal and external is a generally accepted procedure in historiographical treatises. Nevertheless, when doing diachronic research, internal description of linguistic phenomena requires that external factors be taken into account in order to chronologically delimit them. Thus, although sociological conditions are considered peripheral to the analysis, they are of major importance, not only because they provide an adequate social context into which linguistic phenomena can be placed but also because they introduce sociolinguistic factors which offer new insights into historiographic research based on patterns of variation in the written register of the English language.
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Abstract. Contiguity and iconicity in the subject attribute.
The aim of this article is firstly to indicate the link between V. Demonte's contiguity and J. Haiman's iconicity concepts concerning DO predicative and, on the other hand, to consider the possibility that the subject attribute reflects, equally, its functional meaning, by being positioned near the verbal nucleus and therefore, near its attributive bases.
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Abstract. Linguistic contact in Lleida: Some consequences for the Spanish lexicon of Catalan speakers.
The aim of this article is to examine the lexical features of Spanish spoken by Catalan speakers, based on words registered in Lleida. The special characteristics observed are determined by the sociolinguistic features of two languages in contact and this explains why the lexical items found are specific to the area and unknown in exclusively Spanish speaking regions.
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Abstract. New Data on the Strength of Anglicisms in Puerto Rican Spanish
This paper presents the findings of a study done among young university students in Puerto Rico in order to measure their levels of acceptance and rejection of some anglicisms commonly encountered in their dialect. Because of the emphasis given by the educational system to avoid the undue penetration of English language elements in the teaching of Spanish, and because of the returning young Puerto Ricans born or raised in the USA during the last twenty years, it is interesting and important to observe the general effects of both factors on this generation's linguistic habits.
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Abstract: Marks and Mirrors
The purpose of this paper is to discuss an old pattern in communication partially pointed out by A. Comte, Ch. S. Peirce and U. Eco. Those authors acknowledged the relationship among marks, arrows, flags and mirrors as different root-metaphors for several cognitive operations, although they did not present them in a unified way. They all worked on the metaphor-metonymy distinction, which happened to be so fruitful in different domains, as Jakobson (among others) indicated. My argument is that the above-mentioned root-metaphors (marks, arrows, flags and mirrors) can be correctly deduced from a single pattern relating metaphor-metonymy axis to different types of codification. E. Verón launched an interesting reflection on digital vs. analogic modes of coding, focusing on a similar problem. Marks, arrows, flags and mirrors can stand for signalling, pointing, representing and reflecting, respectively: to offer an approximate stipulation concerning how those objects and operations are connected should constitute a small contribution to the old program of Peirce and others.
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Abstract: Two notes on 'The Minimalist Program' (Derivation and Inclusiveness)
One of the proposals which lies at the core of Chomsky's Minimalist Program is decision-making guided by reasons stemming from conceptual necessity. In this article I argue that some of the central concepts of its grammatical architecture could be perfectly well understood in a different light, thereby threatening the very foundations of the whole program. In fact, in the cases revised here (the reasons constraining the delay of operations and the origins of case-checking features), solutions which clearly depart from Chomsky's proposals seem to be preferrable for both theoretical and empirical reasons.
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Abstract. Temporal sequence and perfect aspect in the Spanish verb system.
The discussion of some of the changes in the terminology used for designating tenses in modern Spanish grammars is the topic under discussion in this essay. After a short overview of old and recent terminologies the author comes to the conclusion that the reason for the changes in Spanish verbal terminology is that some grammarians are after temporal sequence of events while others are looking for an approach that includes perfect aspect in the conjugation of the Spanish verbs. The issue is that both approaches are part of the meaning of the Spanish verbal forms.
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Abstract.
The wide range of linguistic theories available nowadays encourages metatheoretical studies of all kinds. However, linguists are not always aware of the weight of the theories they propose and the influence they exert on other models. The aim of this article has been to assess the importance of choice within Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG) from a metatheoretical point of view. The paper explores the fundamental consequences of the orientation of grammar as ``language as choice''. Two main fields will be examined, namely: the general ontological principles underlying SFG (section 2) and the interaction between the theoretical object and the theory itself (section 3).
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Abstract. A Sociolinguistic approach to the phenomenon of modal neutralisation in the speech communities of Castelló.
In this sociolinguistic study the incidence of some cases of modal neutralization --the substitution of the subjunctive past form cantara (-se) by the conditional cantaría and the subjunctive present cante by the future simple cantará-- is analyzed in some syntactic outlines. The main objective of the research is to determine this incidence in one of the geographical areas where Spanish is in contact with Catalan, as is the case in the speech communities of Castelló (Spain). The statistical results show that the situation of languages in contact between the two languages has a positive relationship with the linguistic issues. On the one hand the use of the future simple instead of the subjunctive present form is a clear phenomenon of interference from the Catalan to the Spanish language. On the other hand, the substitution of the past subjunctive by the conditional form is objectively weak but it also shows an interferencial aspect in the Spanish competence of these speakers.
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Abstract. Considerations on Martín Fierro's language.
Gaucho poetry is interesting not only in Argentinian literature, but also in the formation of Argentina as a nation. However, politics must not be confused with linguistics, since the dialectal variety in which it is written should be considered parallel to the Spanish language as a historical one, as can be seen from our analysis.
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Abstract. The pronoun `es' and the anticausative construction
The aim of this paper is to defend the responsability of the lexical component regarding the presence (or absence) of the pronoun in anticausative constructions. This argument is supported by examples that prove that the arguments concerning this phenomenon provided by semantics and eventual structure, which are the most common ones in the bibliography, are not valid for all the verbs that participate in that syntactic structure. The author shows that syntax and morphology do not seem to account for these facts either and instead, puts forward the theory that this lack of uniformity in the appearance of pronouns must be found in linguistic phenomena that arose during the evolution of the language.
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Abstract. Methodological aspects of research in verbal morphology
This article deals with some methodological aspects of research in verbal morphology based on the author's experience in this area. The aim is, first, to try to clarify the concept of verb as a research topic. Secondly, using real speech examples, the article demonstrates the advantages and disadvantages of some techniques used in verbal morphology studies and suggests strategies for a pragmatic approach to the verbal component.
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Abstract. A Typological Study of Colloquial Catalan.
This article describes the word order of the basic constituents of the Catalan sentence. The study considers the preferred sentence within the different word orders, i. e., the sentence that is statistically more frequent. It compares the preferred sentence with the sentence with canonic word order: subject-verb-object.
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Abstract.
Fiction prose texts that represent nonstandard speech by means of a literary dialect involve interesting translation problems. Although translation, besides capturing cognitive meaning, should represent the contrasts obtaining between that literary dialect and the standard language, the target language does not always have capable of achieving such representation. Thus translation has to embody a new literary dialect, set up on dialectal elements from the target language, in order to capture the connotations -regional, social, or individual- which, in the original, contribute to define the characters and the social relations among them. Several examples of literary dialect (Huckleberry Finn, A Clockwork Orange, For Whom the Bell Tolls) are analyzed and aspects of their translation into Catalan and Spanish are commented upon.
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Abstract. Verbs of Attitude.
In this article we propose a new semantic class that we have named: the attitude predicates. We define this class both intensionally, using syntactic as well as semantic criteria, and extensionally. Regarding syntax, it is noticed that the verbs that belong to this group share at least one dintinctive structure. As far as the semantic analysis of the predicates is concerned, we define a set of common meaning components to all of them as well as presenting the same type of event structure. The hipothesis upon which this work is based is that of Levin -verbs that have the same meaning also present an identical syntactic behavior-, even though there are several differences between our approach and hers. The starting point is also the classification this author provides, a regrouping of which is proposed according to the criteria already mentioned.
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Abstract. Dialects and Dictionaries: from Tradition to Diversity.
The authors reflect on the presentation of dialectal features in some Catalan lexicographical texts, paying special attention to those problems which derive from lexical selection and the semantic scope of these units. At the same time, to these are added aspects inherent in the lexical component such as the internal or external variation they undergo. The examples used come in large part from research carried out for the preparation of the Pronunciation Dictionary of North-western Catalan (Lleida variety).
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Abstract. Metalinguistic reflection in group work.
The authors of this article analyze four factors which may have an influence on the development and outcomes of group work involving metalinguistic reflection: task type, interactive patterns, participants' monolingualism / bilingualism, and language itself as the object of reflection. The data analyzed are based on transcribed recording of a series of group-work sessions that were carried out with secondary school students (aged 14-15) and which included different types of metalinguistic tasks. In order to complement the analysis of the four factors mentioned above, the article also includes another section in which the reflection process followed by secondary school students is compared with that followed by students of a postgraduate course on language teaching.
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Abstract.
The objective of the study is to present and analyse the essential linguistic features of SdRP -- the most significant Polish social-democratic force of the nineties. The pronouncements and declarations issued by the party are compared with the characteristics of political language of both democratic and totalitarian systems and related to the context of political situation in Poland during the analysed span of time. Although the party presents itself as a progressive and effective political force connected with the international social-democratic movement, the language used by its elite reveals its origin, namely, strong associations with newspeak of the eighties (especially in such elements as: the objective enemy, idiomatic phrases, rituality and magic). Therefore, the party's language is examined as the continuation of the totalitarian style, moderate in form and substance. The approach to the subject is a combination of political sociology, socio-linguistics and cultural studies.
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Abstract. An insight into habitation names of the medium and lower valley of the river Ésera (Huesca).
In this article we intend to explain a series of habitation names of Western Ribargorça, along the medium and lower valley of the river Ésera. The toponyms analysed date back to Pre-Roman, Roman and Germanic times. This analysis allows an understanding of the linguistic stratigraphy of the area. The lack of Arabic toponyms in this study should not be interpreted as an absence of Arabic occupations of this area but rather that their arrival took place after the locality's inception. The actual occurrence of feature names of Arabic origin has been left aside because such an enterprise lies outside the scope of the present study.
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Abstract. `Parlache'.
Parlache is a social dialect which arises and develops in low-class neighborhoods in Medellín, as a socioeconomically and culturally marginal groups' answer. The objective of this paper is to describe this linguistic variety and to show the causes of its origin, formation and transformation procedures of its words and expressions. Some informers' testimonies have been textually transcribed and commented on. A glossary of parlache words and expressions taken from used by the informers is also presented in this paper.
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Abstract. Three approaches to discourse analysis: as action, as system and as information.
This paper is intended to present a clarifying overview of the field of discourse analysis by proposing what the author considers as the three main perspectives from which discourse has been approached: as action, as system and as information. The author reviews the basic concepts in each of those perspectives and integrates the work of different `schools' into the framework he proposes.
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Abstract. Two brief notes on Valencian toponyms.
This paper aims to study two place-names from Castelló de la Plana (Comunitat Valenciana, Spain): Penyagolosa and Les Useres. In our view neither of them has yet been satisfactorily explained. In our opinion the origin of -golosa is the lat. closa or clusa, "closed" (by precipices or perhaps by vegetation). On the other hand the development of late lat. iusaria, "low" can explain Les Useres. Both hypotheses have a clear advantage: they do not propose any unattested word and they relate our names with others belonging to a very well-known group of place-names from Spain and the whole of Romania.
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Abstract. Numerals in Catalan Sign Language.
Linguistic descriptions are the basis for acquisition studies. Particularly in Sign languages, descriptions are also essential to support their linguistic status and to preserve the cultural background of the Deaf community that uses and re-creates it. We describe the subsystem of the cardinal numerals in Catalan Sign Language (LSC), according to the variety used in Barcelona. Subsystems of numerals are relatively independent of the other subsystems of a language (Hurford 1987), so this allows them to be described in a relative independent way without detracting from language unity. The description is based in three information sources: a) deaf informant adults qualified in LSC; b) LSC courses taught by professors of the Catalonia Deaf Federation (FESOCA) and c) natural observations in Deaf associations. We asked the informants to read a series of numerals written in Hindu-Arabic notation, showing all variants they knew of each numeral. Several criteria were taken into account to select the numerals, specially the absolute and place value of the digits (Fuentes 1999). The description was carried out using the Sign parameters: handshape, orientation, location, direction and movement. The lexical primitives include signs for the nine digits, zero to ten and the operators (HUNDRED, THOUSAND, MILLION). Signs are produced in the following way: in the first place the digit and then the operator in decreasing order of magnitude, for example: 8.756, EIGHT--THOUSAND--SEVEN--FIVE--SIX. As LSC uses order of signing and zero as syntactic resources, it shares resources with the Decimal Number System (Fuentes & Tolchinsky 1999). Numerals above six show two variants, one is one-handed and the other two-handed.
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Abstract. Phonetic change: lexical or gradual?
The analysis of a phonetic change process detected in different generations from Alguaire (Segrià) is used to explain the linguistic characteristics of phonetic change from two diacronically opposed viewpoints: gradual change (neogrammarians) and lexical change (lexical diffusionists).
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Abstract. Computerised error analysis: ENWIL.
The analysis of errors committed in second language communication can illustrate the stage of the learner's interlanguage. The application of computer technology to error analysis is useful in overcoming some of the inherent limitations of the classical approach to this SLA descriptive tool. In fact, Computerized Error Analysis (CEA) can facilitate a comprehensive description of each stage of the subjects' interlanguage development. This is precisely the purpose of the English Written Interlanguage project (ENWIL): the computerization of different types of errors commited while writing. This preliminary study compares two interlanguage stages of our subjects on the basis of their degree of communicative efficiency and grammatical accuracy and how these develop. This ENWIL project, together with others such as ICLE or COALA, illustrate that CEA is an active and fast developing area of research.
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Abstract. Politeness in English: some implications in the speech act of offers.
The speech act of offering is a commissive act that basically shows positive politeness. Nevertheless, this speech act may also represent a threat to the participants' public self-image, or their face wants. The ambivalence of the offer has an effect on the communicative strategies used in the interaction. Some of these strategies will be concerned with the person's positive face, as may be seen in the case of imperatives. Others will be oriented to the person's negative face, showing deference, as we can appreciate mainly in interrogative utterances. In sum, most of these strategies will attempt to respect the face wants of those taking part in social interaction.
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Abstract. Linguistic Relationships between Catalonia and America. The Case of the Words Caimán/Caiman, Carey/Carei and Pavo/Gall dindi in Spanish and Catalan Lexicography.
In this paper, the author's aim is to indicate the linguistic and cultural relationships between Catalonia and Latin America by analyzing the lexicographical treatment of the words caiman, carei and gall dindi in Spanish and Catalan dictionaries, without taking into account the chronology of their incorporation in either language. In the same way, it has been noted that the information included on the headword depends on the characteristics of both lexicographical traditions.
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Abstract. Verb-nominal periphrasis and formulaic expressions: delimitation.
The aim of this article is to establish the differences between the pluriverbal phraseological unities, such as adverbial locutions or similar, and the linguistic items denominated in our doctoral thesis: verb-nominal periphrasis. The difference between these items lies in the grammaticalization of the verb in the verb-nominal periphasis and in the conjunction of this phenomenon in all items of the phraseological unity.
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Abstract. Phonetic description and experimental phonetics: comments on the Pere Barnils production.
This paper presents a critical analysis of a part of a scientific work performed by Barnils from 1912 to 1917 in Paris and Barcelona. It analyses the methodology, the results and the most important conclusions of eight studies that have to be considered decisive in Catalan phonetics. These studies are: "Études de prononciations catalanes à l'aide du palais artificiel". Révue de Phonétique (1912)II:50--68. "Études de prononciations catalanes". Révue de Phonétique (1913)III:268--278. "Sobre la quantitat de les vocals tòniques". Estudis Romànics (1916)I:15--26. "L'articulació de la K i la G mallorquines", Butlletí de Dialectologia Catalana (1915)III: 73--79. "Les consonants dites semi-sordes" Estudis Romànics (1916)I:7--14. "Nasalitat i nasals" Estudis Fonètics (1917)I:201--211. "La consonant r" Estudis Fonètics (1917)I:211--221. "Sobre l'articulació de p, t, k" Estudis Fonètics (1917)I:221--236.
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Abstract. The speakers' faces in the speech act "proposal" in French.
The aim of this study is to analyse the speech act "proposal" in light of the theories about politeness proposed by Brown and Levinson 1987 and Kerbrat-Orecchioni 1992. In order to do so, we study the implications of the speakers' faces in the different linguistic realizations that take place in a proposal. We conclude that the speech act "proposal" is an ambivalent act in relation to its effect on the speakers' faces: on the one hand, it concerns the speakers' positive face, but, on the other hand, it may also represent a threat to the hearer's face; thus, most of the forms of the proposal will attempt to lessen the threat of the hearer's negative face.
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Abstract. Notes for the characterization of the speech of the Conca de Tremp.
This article tries to contribute to completing and to updating the data avalaible on oral use in the Conca de Tremp. This language community of intradialectal transition between the ribagorçanopallaresa area and the lleidatà area presents the specific linguistic characteristics that are necessary to describe in order to evaluate their role in the dialectal continuum and to illustrate the tendencies in present oral use.
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Abstract. Modality and modal periphrasis in the New World chronicles.
The concept of modality focuses on the linguistic behaviour of the subject who relates the story and, as a result of the subjective expression of human being: we may consider the forms of the statement, which can be logical and appreciative. In both modalities the linguistic means used in order to exteriorize the source's attitude with respect to the statement and to the receiver are lexical, grammatical and phonetic. We distinguish amongst them the grammatical category of the verb and, especially, we focus on modal periphrasis with the aim of proving to what extent modal periphrasis influences, the Naufragios 1992 by Alvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca (1490 or 1507-1564) and the captatio benevolentiae of Charles V before Alvar Núñez's request to be appointed governor of Florida.
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