LLEIDA LINGUISTIC RESOURCES

IPACHART

THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET (revised to 1993)

CONSONANTS (PULMONIC)
	Bilabial	Labiodental	Dental	Alveolar	Postalveolar	Retroflex	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Pharingeal	Glottal
Plosive										-	-
Nasal										-	-
Trill								-			-
Tap or Flap								-			-
Fricative
Lateral fricative	-	-								-	-
Approximant											-
Lateral approximant	-	-								-	-

Where symbols appear in pairs, the one on the right represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

CONSONANTS (NON-PULMONIC)
Clicks	Voiced implosives	Ejectives
Bilabial Dental (Post)alveolar Palatoalveolar Alveolar lateral	Bilabial Dental/alveolar Palatal Velar Uvular	as in: Bilabial Dental/alveolar Velar Alveolar fricative

SUPRASEGMENTALS
Primary stress Secondary stress Long Half-long Extra-short Syllable break Minor (foot) group Major (intonation) group Linking (absence of a break)

TONES & WORD ACCENTS
LEVEL	CONTOUR
or Extra high High Mid Low Extra low Downstep Upstep	or Rising Falling High rising Low rising Rising-falling etc. Global rise Global fall

VOWELS
	Front Central Back
Close Close-mid Open-mid Open

Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel.

DIACRITICS
Voiceless	Breathy voiced	Dental
Voiced	Creaky voiced	Apical
Aspirated	Linguolabial	Laminal
More rounded	Labialized	Nasalized
Less rounded	Palatalized	Nasal release
Advanced	Velarized	Lateral release
Retracted	Pharyngealized	No audible release
Centralised	Velarized or pharyngealized
Mid-centralized	Raised ( = voiced alveolar fricative)
Syllabic	Lowered ( = voiced bilabial approximant)
Non-syllabic	Advanced Tongue Root
Rhoticity	Retracted Tongue Root

Diacritics may be placed above a symbol with a descender, e.g.

OTHER SYMBOLS
Voiceless labial-velar fricative Voiced labial-velar approximant Voiced labial-palatal approximant Voiceless epiglottal fricative Voiced epiglottal fricative Epiglottal plosive	Alveolo-palatal fricatives Alveolar lateral flap Simultaneous and Affricates and double articulations can be represented by two symbols joined by a tie bar if necessary.